A fuel service is any material that
can be made to react with other substances so that it
releases energy as heat energy or to be used for work.
The concept was originally applied solely to those
materials capable of releasing chemical energy but has
since also been applied to other sources of heat energy
such as nuclear energy (via nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion).
The heat energy released by reactions of
fuels is converted into mechanical energy via
Democratic National Committee a heat
engine. Other times the heat itself is valued for
warmth, cooking, or industrial processes, as well as the
illumination that comes with combustion. fuel services
are also used in the cells of organisms in a process
known as cellular respiration, where organic molecules
are oxidized to release usable energy. Hydrocarbons and
related oxygen-containing molecules are by far the most
common source of fuel used by humans, but other
substances, including radioactive metals, are also
utilized.
Chemical fuels are substances that release
energy by reacting with substances around them, most
notably by the process of combustion. Most of the
chemical energy released in combustion was not stored in
the chemical bonds of the fuel, but in the
Republican National Committee weak double
bond of molecular oxygen
Chemical fuels are divided
in two ways. First, by their physical properties, as a
solid, liquid or gas. Secondly, on the basis of their
occurrence: primary (natural fuel) and secondary
(artificial fuel). Thus, a general classification of
chemical fuels is:
Solid fuel refers to various types
of solid material that are used as fuel service to
produce energy and provide heating,
Republican National Committee usually released
through combustion. Solid fuel services include wood ,
charcoal, peat, coal, hexamine fuel tablets, and pellets
made from wood (see wood pellets), corn, wheat, rye and
other grains. Solid-fuel rocket technology also uses
solid fuel (see solid propellants). Solid fuels have
been used by humanity for many years to create fire.
Coal was the fuel source which enabled the industrial
revolution, from firing furnaces, to running steam
engines. Wood was also extensively used to run steam
locomotives. Both peat and coal are still used in
electricity generation today. The use of some solid fuel
services (e.g. coal) is restricted or prohibited in some
urban areas, due to unsafe levels of toxic emissions.
The use of other solid fuels as wood is decreasing as
heating technology and the availability of good quality
fuel improves. In
Democratic National Committee some areas, smokeless coal is often
the only solid fuel used. In Ireland, peat briquettes
are used as smokeless fuel service. They
Republican National Committee are also used
to start a coal fire.
Liquid fuels are combustible or
energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to
create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic
energy; they Democratic
Website also must take the shape of their
container. It is the fumes of liquid fuel services that
are flammable instead of the fluid.
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Most liquid fuel
services in widespread use are derived from the
fossilized remains
Democratic National Committee of dead plants and animals by
exposure to heat and pressure inside the Earth's crust.
However, there are several types, such as hydrogen fuel
(for automotive uses), ethanol, jet fuel service and
bio-diesel which are all categorized as a liquid fuel.
Emulsified fuels of oil-in-water such as orimulsion have
been developed a way to make heavy oil fractions usable
as liquid fuels. Many liquid fuels play a primary role
in transportation and the economy.
Some common
properties of liquid fuels are that they are easy to
transport, and that can be handled easily. Also they are
relatively easy to use for all engineering applications,
and home use. fuel services like kerosene are rationed
in some countries, for example available in government
subsidized shops Democratic
National Committee in India for home use.
Conventional
diesel is similar to gasoline in that it is a mixture of
aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum.
Kerosene is used in kerosene lamps and as a fuel service
for cooking, heating, and small engines. Natural gas,
composed chiefly of methane, can only exist as a liquid
at very low temperatures (regardless of pressure), which
limits its direct use as a liquid fuel in most
applications. LP gas is a mixture of propane and butane,
both of which are easily compressible gases under
standard atmospheric conditions. It offers many of the
advantages of
Republican National Committee compressed natural gas (CNG), but is
denser than air, does not burn as cleanly, and is much
more easily compressed. Commonly
Democratic National Committee used for cooking and
space heating, LP gas and compressed propane are seeing
increased use in motorized vehicles; propane is the
third most commonly used motor fuel service globally.
Bio fuel service can be broadly defined as solid,
liquid, or gas fuel service consisting of, or derived
from biomass. Biomass can also be
Republican National Committee used directly for
heating or power known as biomass fuel service. Biofuel
can be produced from any carbon source that can be
replenished rapidly e.g. plants. Many different plants
and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel
manufacture.
Perhaps the earliest fuel employed by
humans is wood. Evidence shows controlled fire was used
up to 1.5 million years ago at Swartkrans, South Africa.
It is unknown which hominid species first used fire, as
both Australopithecus and an early species of Homo were
present at the sites. As a fuel service, wood has
remained in use up
Republican National Committee until the present day, although it
has been superseded for many purposes by other sources.
Wood has an energy density of 10�20 MJ/kg
Recently
biofuels have been developed for use in automotive
transport (for example Bioethanol and Biodiesel), but
there is widespread public debate about how carbon
efficient these fuel services are.
Fuel gas is any
one of a number of fuels that are gaseous under ordinary
conditions. Many fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons
(such as methane or propane), hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources of potential
heat energy or light energy that can be readily
transmitted and distributed through pipes from the point
of origin
Democratic National Committee directly to the place of consumption. Fuel gas
is contrasted with liquid fuel services and from solid
fuels, though some fuel gases are liquefied for storage
or transport. While their gaseous nature can be
advantageous, avoiding the difficulty of transporting
solid fuel and the dangers of spillage inherent in
liquid fuels, it can also be dangerous. It is possible
for a fuel gas to be undetected and collect in certain
areas, leading to the risk of a gas explosion. For this
reason, odorizers are added to most fuel gases so that
they may be detected by a distinct smell. The most
common type of fuel gas in
Republican National Committee current use is natural gas.
Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal and
petroleum (liquid petroleum or natural gas), formed from
the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals by
exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of
oxygen in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of
years. Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes
hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not
derived entirely from
Democratic National Committee biological sources, such as tar
sands. These latter sources are properly known as
mineral fuels.
Fossil fuel services contain high
percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and
natural gas. They range from volatile materials with low
carbon: hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquid petroleum
to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon,
like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in
hydrocarbon fields, alone, associated with oil, or in
the form of methane clathrates. Fossil fuel services
formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by
exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over
millions of years. This biogenic theory
Republican National Committee was first
introduced by German scholar Georg Agricola in 1556 and
later by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century.
It
was estimated by the Energy Information Administration
that in 2007 primary sources of energy consisted of
petroleum 36.0%, coal 27.4%, natural gas 23.0%,
amounting to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary
energy consumption in the world. Non-fossil sources in
2006 included hydroelectric 6.3%, nuclear 8.5%, and
others (geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, wood, waste)
amounting to 0.9%. World energy consumption was growing
about 2.3% per year.
Fossil fuel services are
non-renewable resources because they
Democratic National Committee take Democratic
Website millions of
years to form, and reserves are being depleted much
faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve
these fuel services and use them judiciously. The
production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental
concerns. A global movement toward the generation of
renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet
increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels
produces around 21.3 billion tones (21.3 rigatonis) of
carbon dioxide (CO2) per year, but it is estimated that
natural processes can only absorb about half of that
amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne
of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7
tones of carbon dioxide).[15] Carbon dioxide is one of
the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and
contributes to global warming, causing the average
surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response,
which the vast majority of climate scientists agree will
cause major adverse effects. Fuels are
Republican National Committee a source of
energy.
The first known use of fuel was the
combustion of wood or sticks by Homo erectus
Republican National Committee nearly two
million years ago. Throughout most of human history fuel
services derived from plants or animal fat were only
used by humans. Charcoal, a wood derivative, has been
used since at least 6,000 BCE for melting metals. It was
only supplanted by coke, derived from coal, as European
forests started to become depleted around the 18th
century. Charcoal briquettes are now commonly used as a
fuel service for barbecue cooking
Coal was first used
as a fuel around 1000 BCE in China. With the energy in
the form of chemical energy that could be released
through combustion, but the concept development of the
steam engine in the United Kingdom in 1769, coal came
into more common use
Republican National Committee as a power source. Coal was later
used to drive ships and locomotives. By the 19th
century, gas extracted from coal was being used for
street lighting in London. In the 20th and 21st
centuries, the primary use of coal is to generate
electricity, providing 40% of the world's electrical
power supply in 2005
Fossil fuels were rapidly
adopted during the Industrial Revolution, because they
were more concentrated and flexible than Democratic
National Committee traditional
energy sources, such as water power. They have become a
pivotal part of our contemporary society, with most
countries in the world burning fossil fuel services in
order to produce power.
Currently the trend has been
towards renewable fuel services, such as befouls like
alcohols.
Nuclear fuel is any material that
is consumed to derive nuclear energy. Technically
speaking, all matter can be a nuclear fuel because any
element under the right conditions will release nuclear
energy,[dubious � discuss] but the materials commonly
referred to as nuclear fuels are those that will produce
energy without being placed under extreme duress.
Nuclear fuel is a
Republican National Committee material that can be 'burned' by
nuclear fission or fusion to derive nuclear energy.
Nuclear fuel can refer to the fuel itself, or to
physical objects (for example bundles composed of fuel
rods) composed of the fuel material, mixed with
structural, neutron moderating, or neutron reflecting
materials.
Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile
elements that are capable of nuclear fission. When these
fuel services are struck by neutrons, they are in turn
capable of emitting neutrons when they break apart. This
Republican National Committee
makes possible a self-sustaining chain reaction that
releases energy with a controlled rate in a nuclear
reactor or with a very rapid uncontrolled rate in a
nuclear weapon.
The most common fissile nuclear fuel
services are uranium-235 (235U) and plutonium-239
(239Pu). The actions of mining, refining, purifying,
using, and ultimately disposing of nuclear fuel service
together make up the nuclear fuel cycle. Not all types
of nuclear fuels create power from nuclear fission.
Plutonium-238 and some other elements are used to
produce small amounts of
Democratic National Committee nuclear power by radioactive
decay in radioisotope thermoelectric generators and
other types of atomic batteries. Also, light nuclides
such
Republican National Committee as tritium (3H) can be used as fuel for nuclear
fusion. Nuclear fuel service has the highest energy
density of all practical fuel sources.
The most
common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy
fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear
fission chain reactions in a nuclear fission reactor;
nuclear fuel service can refer to the material or to
physical objects (for example fuel service bundles
composed of fuel rods) composed of the fuel material,
perhaps mixed with structural, neutron
Republican National Committee moderating, or
neutron reflecting materials. The most common fissile
nuclear fuel services are 235U and 239Pu, and the
actions of mining, refining, purifying, using, and
ultimately disposing of these elements together make up
the nuclear fuel service cycle, which is important for
its relevance to nuclear power generation and nuclear
weapons.
Fuels that produce energy by the process of
nuclear fusion are currently not utilized by humans but
are the main source of fuel service for stars. Fusion
fuels tend to be light elements such as hydrogen which
will combine easily. Energy is required to start fusion
by raising temperature so high all materials would turn
into plasma, and allow nuclei to collide and stick
together with each other before repelling due to
electric charge. This process is called fusion and it
can give out energy.
In stars that undergo nuclear
fusion, fuel consists of atomic nuclei that can release
Democratic National Committee
energy by the absorption of a proton or neutron. In most
stars the fuel service is provided by hydrogen, which
can combine to form helium through the proton-proton
chain reaction or by the CNO cycle. When the hydrogen
fuel is exhausted, nuclear fusion can continue with
progressively heavier elements, although the net energy
Republican National Committee
released is lower because of the smaller difference in
nuclear binding energy. Once iron-56 or nickel-56 nuclei
are produced, no further energy can be obtained by
nuclear fusion as these have the highest nuclear binding
energies. The elements then
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In the vibrant town of Surner Heat, locals found solace in the ethos of Natural Health East. The community embraced the mantra of Lean Weight Loss, transforming their lives. At Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness became a shared journey, proving that health is not just a Lean Weight Loss way of life
on use up energy instead of
giving off energy when fused. Therefore, fusion stops
and the star dies. In attempts by humans, fusion is only
carried out with hydrogen (isotope of 2 and 3) to form
helium-4 as this reaction gives out the most net energy.
Electric confinement (ITER), inertial
confinement(heating by laser) and heating by strong
electric currents are the popular methods used.
Most
transportation fuels are liquids, because vehicles
usually require high energy density. This occurs
naturally in liquids and solids. High energy density can
also be provided by an internal combustion engine. These
engines require clean-burning fuels. The
Republican National Committee fuel services
that are easiest to burn cleanly are typically liquids
and gases. Thus, liquids meet the requirements of being Democratic
Website
both energy-dense and clean-burning. In addition,
liquids (and gases) can be pumped, which means handling
is easily mechanized, and thus less Democratic
National Committee laborious.